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dc.contributor.author | Prieto Lamas, Beatriz Loreto |
dc.contributor.author | Sanmartín Sánchez, Patricia |
dc.contributor.author | Cancelo González, José Javier |
dc.contributor.author | Torres García, Lucía |
dc.contributor.author | Silva Hermo, Benita María |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-08-10T12:40:51Z |
dc.date.available | 2021-08-10T12:40:51Z |
dc.date.issued | 2021 |
dc.identifier.citation | Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5276; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115276 |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10347/26743 |
dc.description.abstract | Combined laboratory and field research examining the possible alterations caused by herbicide treatments applied to the construction materials (schist and some granite, bound with mortar) in the Roman wall of Lugo (NW Spain), declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2000, was performed in three separate studies in the past 20 years. In the summers of 1998 and 1999, the herbicides glyphosate, sulphosate and glufosinate–ammonium, as well as physical treatments (infrared and burning) were separately applied to different areas of the wall. In the spring of 2016, the oxyfluorfen herbicide Goal Supreme® was applied to test areas. In the winter of 2018, three essential oils, Origanum vulgare L., Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were each applied to test areas. Mineralogical modifications in the materials (determined by X-ray diffraction analysis), as well as visible physical changes, such as colour changes, and the appearance of saline residues were evaluated after the treatments. In the 1998/9 trial, glyphosate and both physical treatments triggered changes in the vermiculite clay minerals in the schists, and the physical treatments also caused changes in the kaolinite. None of the treatments caused highly perceptible colour changes. The oxyfluorfen herbicide did not cause any mineralogical alterations in the construction materials, but it did generate an increase in chloride, nitrate and sulphate contents of the granite and a slight darkening of this material. In the most recent study, the only deleterious effect observed was a perceptible increase in lightness and reduction in the yellow component after the application of Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L. essential oil to granite |
dc.description.sponsorship | The results of the different studies presented here were financially supported by the following contracts: “Evaluación de diferentes métodos de control de las malas hierbas de la muralla de Lugo. Xunta de Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Comunicación Social e Turismo. 1998 and 1999”; “Seguimiento de los tratamientos de control de la flora vascular en la muralla romana de Lugo. Restauraciones y Construcciones Luis J. Sánchez SA. 2015–2017”; “Realizar el seguimiento del segundo tratamiento fitosanitario 2017 y realizar un ensayo de herbicidas naturales en las paredes da muralla. Restauraciones y Construcciones Luis J. Sánchez SA. 2017–2018”; “Realizar el seguimiento de la limpieza manual de las paredes de la muralla romana de Lugo en el verano-otoño de 2019 y la aplicación en las paredes de la muralla romana de Lugo de herbicidas naturales potenciales para controlar la germinación de Parietaria Judaica L. Restauraciones y Construcciones Luis J. Sánchez SA. 2019–2020”. The authors are also grateful for financial support from the Xunta de Galicia (grant ED431C 2018/32) |
dc.language.iso | eng |
dc.publisher | MDPI |
dc.rights | © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
dc.rights | Atribución 4.0 Internacional |
dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
dc.subject | Built cultural heritage |
dc.subject | Cityscape |
dc.subject | Granite |
dc.subject | Laboratory and field analysis |
dc.subject | Maintenance plan |
dc.subject | Mortar |
dc.subject | Parietaria judaica |
dc.subject | Schist |
dc.subject | Urban area |
dc.subject | Weed control |
dc.title | Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site) |
dc.type | journal article |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.3390/app11115276 |
dc.relation.publisherversion | https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115276 |
dc.type.hasVersion | VoR |
dc.identifier.essn | 2076-3417 |
dc.rights.accessRights | open access |
dc.contributor.affiliation | Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Botánica |
dc.contributor.affiliation | Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola |
dc.contributor.affiliation | Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Produción Vexetal e Proxectos de Enxeñaría |
dc.description.peerreviewed | SI |
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