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dc.contributor.authorPrieto Lamas, Beatriz Loreto
dc.contributor.authorSanmartín Sánchez, Patricia
dc.contributor.authorCancelo González, José Javier
dc.contributor.authorTorres García, Lucía
dc.contributor.authorSilva Hermo, Benita María
dc.date.accessioned2021-08-10T12:40:51Z
dc.date.available2021-08-10T12:40:51Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.identifier.citationAppl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5276; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115276
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10347/26743
dc.description.abstractCombined laboratory and field research examining the possible alterations caused by herbicide treatments applied to the construction materials (schist and some granite, bound with mortar) in the Roman wall of Lugo (NW Spain), declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2000, was performed in three separate studies in the past 20 years. In the summers of 1998 and 1999, the herbicides glyphosate, sulphosate and glufosinate–ammonium, as well as physical treatments (infrared and burning) were separately applied to different areas of the wall. In the spring of 2016, the oxyfluorfen herbicide Goal Supreme® was applied to test areas. In the winter of 2018, three essential oils, Origanum vulgare L., Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were each applied to test areas. Mineralogical modifications in the materials (determined by X-ray diffraction analysis), as well as visible physical changes, such as colour changes, and the appearance of saline residues were evaluated after the treatments. In the 1998/9 trial, glyphosate and both physical treatments triggered changes in the vermiculite clay minerals in the schists, and the physical treatments also caused changes in the kaolinite. None of the treatments caused highly perceptible colour changes. The oxyfluorfen herbicide did not cause any mineralogical alterations in the construction materials, but it did generate an increase in chloride, nitrate and sulphate contents of the granite and a slight darkening of this material. In the most recent study, the only deleterious effect observed was a perceptible increase in lightness and reduction in the yellow component after the application of Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L. essential oil to granite
dc.description.sponsorshipThe results of the different studies presented here were financially supported by the following contracts: “Evaluación de diferentes métodos de control de las malas hierbas de la muralla de Lugo. Xunta de Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Comunicación Social e Turismo. 1998 and 1999”; “Seguimiento de los tratamientos de control de la flora vascular en la muralla romana de Lugo. Restauraciones y Construcciones Luis J. Sánchez SA. 2015–2017”; “Realizar el seguimiento del segundo tratamiento fitosanitario 2017 y realizar un ensayo de herbicidas naturales en las paredes da muralla. Restauraciones y Construcciones Luis J. Sánchez SA. 2017–2018”; “Realizar el seguimiento de la limpieza manual de las paredes de la muralla romana de Lugo en el verano-otoño de 2019 y la aplicación en las paredes de la muralla romana de Lugo de herbicidas naturales potenciales para controlar la germinación de Parietaria Judaica L. Restauraciones y Construcciones Luis J. Sánchez SA. 2019–2020”. The authors are also grateful for financial support from the Xunta de Galicia (grant ED431C 2018/32)
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.rights© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
dc.rightsAtribución 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectBuilt cultural heritage
dc.subjectCityscape
dc.subjectGranite
dc.subjectLaboratory and field analysis
dc.subjectMaintenance plan
dc.subjectMortar
dc.subjectParietaria judaica
dc.subjectSchist
dc.subjectUrban area
dc.subjectWeed control
dc.titleImpact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
dc.typejournal article
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/app11115276
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://doi.org/10.3390/app11115276
dc.type.hasVersionVoR
dc.identifier.essn2076-3417
dc.rights.accessRightsopen access
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Botánica
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Produción Vexetal e Proxectos de Enxeñaría
dc.description.peerreviewedSI


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© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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