Assessing population exposure to phthalate plasticizers in thirteen Spanish cities through the analysis of wastewater
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Title: | Assessing population exposure to phthalate plasticizers in thirteen Spanish cities through the analysis of wastewater |
Author: | González Mariño, Iria Ares, Leticia Montes Goyanes, Rosa María Rodil Rodríguez, María del Rosario Cela Torrijos, Rafael López-García, Ester Postigo, Cristina López de Alda, Miren Pocurull, Eva Marcé, Rosa María Bijlsma, Lubertus Hernández, Félix Picó, Yolanda Andreu, Vicente Rico, Andreu Valcárcel, Yolanda |
Affiliation: | Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Investigación e Análises Alimentarias |
Subject: | Phthalic acid esters | Wastewater-based epidemiology | Environmental human exposure | Risk assessment | Spain | |
Date of Issue: | 2020-06-22 |
Publisher: | Elsevier |
Citation: | I. González-Mariño et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 401, 123272 |
Abstract: | Phthalates are widely used plasticizers that produce endocrine-disrupting disorders. Quantifying exposure is crucial to perform risk assessments and to develop proper health measures. Herein, a wastewater-based epidemiology approach has been applied to estimate human exposure to six of the mostly used phthalates within the Spanish population. Wastewater samples were collected over four weekdays from seventeen wastewater treatment plants serving thirteen cities and ca. 6 million people (12.8 % of the Spanish population). Phthalate metabolite loads in wastewater were transformed into metabolite concentrations in urine and into daily exposure levels to the parent phthalates. Considering all the sampled sites, population-weighted overall means of the estimated concentrations in urine varied between 0.7 ng/mL and 520 ng/mL. Very high levels, compared to human biomonitoring data, were estimated for monomethyl phthalate, metabolite of dimethyl phthalate. This, together with literature data pointing to other sources of this metabolite in sewage led to its exclusion for exposure assessments. For the remaining metabolites, estimated concentrations were closer to those found in urine. Their 4-days average exposure levels ranged from 2 to 1347 μg/(day∙inh), exceeding in some sites the daily exposure thresholds set for di-i-butyl phthalate and di-n-buthyl phthalate by the European Food Safety Authority |
Publisher version: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123272 |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10347/27011 |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123272 |
ISSN: | 0304-3894 |
Rights: | © 2020, Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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